Interestingly, this problem can be fixed in the BIOS, see Lenovo support for details.
As of Q3 2019, the recommended approach to run Docker inside WSL v1 (Windows Subsystem for Linux) is to run Docker Desktop (née Docker for Windows). This can be done by following this lengthy but rather simple tutorial.
The key points condensed:
Navigate to the Docker Desktop configuration window: go to the systray, right-click the Docker icon, click Settings, and tick Expose daemon on tcp://localhost:2375 without TLS.
You need to make sure that the ~/.local/bin is part of the $PATH variable. The .profile file in Ubuntu 18.04 already adds this directory to $PATH if it exists. So make sure the directory exists by running:
mkdir ~/.local/bin
Installing Docker inside WSL can be as simple as issuing:
sudo apt install docker.io
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
Then log out and in again.
Set the $DOCKER_HOST environment variable:
echo "export DOCKER_HOST=tcp://localhost:2375" >> ~/.bashrc && source ~/.bashrc
Make sure the mount points align
[automount]
enabled = true
root = /
Reboot or issue the following command in an administrator-level PowerShell:
Restart-Service -Name "LxssManager"
Windows 8 introduced two ways of changing between multiple keyboard layouts (and regional settings), Ctrl + Space which cycles between all possibilities, and Alt + Shift which cycles between languages.
My desired settings are the following:
To achieve this, do the following:
The result should look like this:

The regional settings can be edited in the same window, in Change date, time or number formats. This is not affected by the language or the keyboard layout.
Press Win + Print Screen to save a screenshot to the Pictures\Screenshots folder in your Documents folder.
Both Windows and git can handle longer filenames, but the git default setting is set to max 255 characters (but why?!)
git config --system core.longpaths true
The animated, smooth movement of cursors in Office 2016 can be annoying. To turn it off, create the following DWORD registry key with a value 1:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Common\Graphics\DisableAnimations
Note that:
Graphics under CommonDisableAnimations (plural) unlike for Office 15.0 where it was singular.